一份 JavaScript 速查表,包含最重要的概念、函数、方法等。为初学者准备的完整快速参考。
JavaScript 是一种轻量级的解释型编程语言。
// => Hello world!
console.log("Hello world!");
// => Hello r3f.cn
console.warn("hello %s", "r3f.cn");
// 将错误消息打印到 stderr
console.error(new Error("Oops!"));
let amount = 6;
let price = 4.99;
let x = null;
let name = "Tammy";
const found = false;
// => Tammy, false, null
console.log(name, found, x);
var a;
console.log(a); // => undefined
let single = "Wheres my bandit hat?";
let double = "Wheres my bandit hat?";
// => 21
console.log(single.length);
5 + 5 = 10 // 加法
10 - 5 = 5 // 减法
5 * 10 = 50 // 乘法
10 / 5 = 2 // 除法
10 % 5 = 0 // 取模
// 这一行表示注释
/*
以下配置必须在
部署前更改。
*/
let number = 100;
// 两个语句都会加 10
number = number + 10;
number += 10;
console.log(number);
// => 120
let age = 7;
// 字符串连接
"Tommy is " + age + " years old.";
// 字符串插值
`Tommy is ${age} years old.`;
let count;
console.log(count); // => undefined
count = 10;
console.log(count); // => 10
const numberOfColumns = 4;
// TypeError: Assignment to constant... (类型错误:给常量赋值...)
numberOfColumns = 8;
const isMailSent = true;
if (isMailSent) {
console.log("邮件已发送给收件人");
}
var x = 1;
// => true
result = x == 1 ? true : false;
true || false; // true
10 > 5 || 10 > 20; // true
false || false; // false
10 > 100 || 10 > 20; // false
true && true; // true
1 > 2 && 2 > 1; // false
true && false; // false
4 === 4 && 3 > 1; // true
1 > 3; // false
3 > 1; // true
250 >= 250; // true
1 === 1; // true
1 === 2; // false
1 === "1"; // false
let lateToWork = true;
let oppositeValue = !lateToWork;
// => false
console.log(oppositeValue);
null ?? "I win"; // 'I win'
undefined ?? "Me too"; // 'Me too'
false ?? "I lose"; // false
0 ?? "I lose again"; // 0
"" ?? "Damn it"; // ''
const size = 10;
if (size > 100) {
console.log("大");
} else if (size > 20) {
console.log("中");
} else if (size > 4) {
console.log("小");
} else {
console.log("微小");
}
// 输出: 小
const food = "salad";
switch (food) {
case "oyster":
console.log("大海的味道");
break;
case "pizza":
console.log("美味的披萨");
break;
default:
console.log("祝您用餐愉快");
}
0 == false; // true
0 === false; // false, 类型不同
1 == "1"; // true, 自动类型转换
1 === "1"; // false, 类型不同
null == undefined; // true
null === undefined; // false
"0" == false; // true
"0" === false; // false
==
只检查值,===
检查值和类型。
// 定义函数:
function sum(num1, num2) {
return num1 + num2;
}
// 调用函数:
sum(3, 6); // 9
// 命名函数
function rocketToMars() {
return "BOOM!";
}
// 匿名函数
const rocketToMars = function () {
return "BOOM!";
};
const sum = (param1, param2) => {
return param1 + param2;
};
console.log(sum(2, 5)); // => 7
const printHello = () => {
console.log("hello");
};
printHello(); // => hello
const checkWeight = (weight) => {
console.log(`Weight : ${weight}`);
};
checkWeight(25); // => Weight : 25
const multiply = (a, b) => a * b;
// => 60
console.log(multiply(2, 30));
箭头函数 从 ES2015 开始可用。
// 带 return
function sum(num1, num2) {
return num1 + num2;
}
// 函数不输出和
function sum(num1, num2) {
num1 + num2;
}
// 定义函数
function sum(num1, num2) {
return num1 + num2;
}
// 调用函数
sum(2, 4); // 6
const dog = function () {
return "Woof!";
};
// 参数是 name
function sayHello(name) {
return `Hello, ${name}!`;
}
function add(num1, num2) {
return num1 + num2;
}
function myFunction() {
var pizzaName = "Margarita";
// 这里的代码可以使用 pizzaName
}
// 这里的代码不能使用 pizzaName
const isLoggedIn = true;
if (isLoggedIn == true) {
const statusMessage = "Logged in.";
}
// Uncaught ReferenceError... (未捕获的引用错误...)
console.log(statusMessage);
// 全局声明的变量
const color = "blue";
function printColor() {
console.log(color);
}
printColor(); // => blue
for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
// 这是 'let' 的最大作用域
// i 可访问 ✔️
}
// i 不可访问 ❌
for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
// i 可访问 ✔️
}
// i 可访问 ✔️
var
的作用域是最近的函数块,而 let
的作用域是最近的封闭块。
// 打印三次 3,不是我们想要的。
for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
setTimeout(_ => console.log(i), 10);
}
// 按预期打印 0, 1 和 2。
for (let j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
setTimeout(_ => console.log(j), 10);
}
使用 let
时变量有自己的副本,使用 var
时变量共享副本。
const fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana"];
// 不同数据类型
const data = [1, "chicken", false];
const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4];
numbers.length; // 4
// 访问数组元素
const myArray = [100, 200, 300];
console.log(myArray[0]); // 100
console.log(myArray[1]); // 200
添加 | 移除 | 开头 | 末尾 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
push |
✔ | ✔ | ||
pop |
✔ | ✔ | ||
unshift |
✔ | ✔ | ||
shift |
✔ | ✔ |
// 添加单个元素:
const cart = ["apple", "orange"];
cart.push("pear");
// 添加多个元素:
const numbers = [1, 2];
numbers.push(3, 4, 5);
向数组末尾添加项并返回新的数组长度。
const fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana"];
const fruit = fruits.pop(); // 'banana'
console.log(fruits); // ["apple", "orange"]
从数组末尾移除一项并返回移除的项。
let cats = ["Bob", "Willy", "Mini"];
cats.shift(); // ['Willy', 'Mini']
从数组开头移除一项并返回移除的项。
let cats = ["Bob"];
// => ['Willy', 'Bob']
cats.unshift("Willy");
// => ['Puff', 'George', 'Willy', 'Bob']
cats.unshift("Puff", "George");
向数组开头添加项并返回新的数组长度。
const numbers = [3, 2, 1];
const newFirstNumber = 4;
// => [ 4, 3, 2, 1 ]
[newFirstNumber].concat(numbers);
// => [ 3, 2, 1, 4 ]
numbers.concat(newFirstNumber);
如果你想避免修改原始数组,可以使用 concat。
// 空 Set 对象
const emptySet = new Set();
// 带值的 Set 对象
const setObj = new Set([1, true, "hi"]);
const emptySet = new Set();
// 添加值
emptySet.add("a"); // 'a'
emptySet.add(1); // 'a', 1
emptySet.add(true); // 'a', 1, true
emptySet.add("a"); // 'a', 1, true (Set 中元素唯一)
const emptySet = new Set([1, true, "a"]);
// 删除值
emptySet.delete("a"); // 1, true
emptySet.delete(true); // 1
emptySet.delete(1); //
const setObj = new Set([1, true, "a"]);
// 返回 true 或 false
setObj.has("a"); // true
setObj.has(1); // true
setObj.has(false); // false
const setObj = new Set([1, true, "a"]);
// 清空 set
console.log(setObj); // 1, true, 'a'
setObj.clear(); //
const setObj = new Set([1, true, "a"]);
consoloe.log(setObj.size); // 3
const setObj = new Set([1, true, "a"]);
setObj.forEach(function (value) {
console.log(value);
});
// 1
// true
// 'a'
while (condition) {
// 要执行的代码块
}
let i = 0;
while (i < 5) {
console.log(i);
i++;
}
const fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana"];
for (let i = fruits.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
console.log(`${i}. ${fruits[i]}`);
}
// => 2. banana
// => 1. orange
// => 0. apple
x = 0;
i = 0;
do {
x = x + i;
console.log(x);
i++;
} while (i < 5);
// => 0 1 3 6 10
for (let i = 0; i < 4; i += 1) {
console.log(i);
}
// => 0, 1, 2, 3
for (let i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
console.log(array[i]);
}
// => 数组中的每一项
for (let i = 0; i < 99; i += 1) {
if (i > 5) {
break;
}
console.log(i);
}
// => 0 1 2 3 4 5
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i === 3) {
continue;
}
text += "The number is " + i + "<br>";
}
for (let i = 0; i < 2; i += 1) {
for (let j = 0; j < 3; j += 1) {
console.log(`${i}-${j}`);
}
}
const fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana"];
for (let index in fruits) {
console.log(index);
}
// => 0
// => 1
// => 2
const fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana"];
for (let fruit of fruits) {
console.log(fruit);
}
// => apple
// => orange
// => banana
let plusFive = (number) => {
return number + 5;
};
// f 被赋值为 plusFive
let f = plusFive;
plusFive(3); // 8
// 因为 f 的值是一个函数,所以它可以被调用。
f(9); // 14
const isEven = (n) => {
return n % 2 == 0;
};
let printMsg = (evenFunc, num) => {
const isNumEven = evenFunc(num);
console.log(`${num} 是偶数: ${isNumEven}.`);
};
// 将 isEven 作为回调函数传入
printMsg(isEven, 4);
// => 4 是偶数: True.
const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4];
const sum = numbers.reduce((accumulator, curVal) => {
return accumulator + curVal;
});
console.log(sum); // 10
const members = ["Taylor", "Donald", "Don", "Natasha", "Bobby"];
const announcements = members.map((member) => {
return member + " 加入了比赛。";
});
console.log(announcements);
const numbers = [28, 77, 45, 99, 27];
numbers.forEach((number) => {
console.log(number);
});
const randomNumbers = [4, 11, 42, 14, 39];
const filteredArray = randomNumbers.filter((n) => {
return n > 5;
});
const apple = {
color: "Green",
price: { bulk: "$3/kg", smallQty: "$4/kg" },
};
console.log(apple.color); // => Green
console.log(apple.price.bulk); // => $3/kg
// 无效键名的示例
const trainSchedule = {
// 无效,因为单词之间有空格。
platform num: 10,
// 表达式不能作为键。
40 - 10 + 2: 30,
// + 号无效,除非用引号括起来。
+compartment: 'C'
}
const classElection = {
date: "January 12",
};
console.log(classElection.place); // undefined
const student = {
name: "Sheldon",
score: 100,
grade: "A",
};
console.log(student);
// { name: 'Sheldon', score: 100, grade: 'A' }
delete student.score;
student.grade = "F";
console.log(student);
// { name: 'Sheldon', grade: 'F' }
student = {};
// TypeError: Assignment to constant variable. (类型错误:给常量赋值。)
const person = {
name: "Tom",
age: "22",
};
const { name, age } = person;
console.log(name); // 'Tom'
console.log(age); // '22'
const person = {
firstName: "Matilda",
age: 27,
hobby: "knitting",
goal: "learning JavaScript",
};
delete person.hobby; // 或者 delete person[hobby];
console.log(person);
/*
{
firstName: "Matilda"
age: 27
goal: "learning JavaScript"
}
*/
const origNum = 8;
const origObj = { color: "blue" };
const changeItUp = (num, obj) => {
num = 7;
obj.color = "red";
};
changeItUp(origNum, origObj);
// 将输出 8,因为整数是按值传递的。
console.log(origNum);
// 将输出 'red',因为对象是按引用传递的,
// 因此是可变的。
console.log(origObj.color);
const activity = "Surfing";
const beach = { activity };
console.log(beach); // { activity: 'Surfing' }
const cat = {
name: "Pipey",
age: 8,
whatName() {
return this.name;
},
};
console.log(cat.whatName()); // => Pipey
// 一个工厂函数,接受 'name'、
// 'age' 和 'breed' 参数来返回
// 一个自定义的 dog 对象。
const dogFactory = (name, age, breed) => {
return {
name: name,
age: age,
breed: breed,
bark() {
console.log("Woof!");
},
};
};
const engine = {
// 方法简写,带一个参数
start(adverb) {
console.log(`引擎 ${adverb} 启动了...`);
},
// 匿名箭头函数表达式,不带参数
sputter: () => {
console.log("引擎 sputtering...");
},
};
engine.start("noisily");
engine.sputter();
const myCat = {
_name: "Dottie",
get name() {
return this._name;
},
set name(newName) {
this._name = newName;
},
};
// 引用调用 getter
console.log(myCat.name);
// 赋值调用 setter
myCat.name = "Yankee";
class Dog {
constructor(name) {
this._name = name;
}
introduce() {
console.log("This is " + this._name + " !");
}
// 静态方法
static bark() {
console.log("Woof!");
}
}
const myDog = new Dog("Buster");
myDog.introduce();
// 调用静态方法
Dog.bark();
class Song {
constructor() {
this.title;
this.author;
}
play() {
console.log("歌曲正在播放!");
}
}
const mySong = new Song();
mySong.play();
class Song {
constructor(title, artist) {
this.title = title;
this.artist = artist;
}
}
const mySong = new Song("Bohemian Rhapsody", "Queen");
console.log(mySong.title);
class Song {
play() {
console.log("正在播放!");
}
stop() {
console.log("正在停止!");
}
}
// 父类
class Media {
constructor(info) {
this.publishDate = info.publishDate;
this.name = info.name;
}
}
// 子类
class Song extends Media {
constructor(songData) {
super(songData);
this.artist = songData.artist;
}
}
const mySong = new Song({
artist: "Queen",
name: "Bohemian Rhapsody",
publishDate: 1975,
});
// myMath.js
// 默认导出
export default function add(x, y) {
return x + y;
}
// 普通导出
export function subtract(x, y) {
return x - y;
}
// 多个导出
function multiply(x, y) {
return x * y;
}
function duplicate(x) {
return x * 2;
}
export { multiply, duplicate };
// main.js
import add, { subtract, multiply, duplicate } from './myMath.js';
console.log(add(6, 2)); // 8
console.log(subtract(6, 2)) // 4
console.log(multiply(6, 2)); // 12
console.log(duplicate(5)) // 10
// index.html
<script type="module" src="main.js"></script>
// myMath.js
function add(x, y) {
return x + y;
}
function subtract(x, y) {
return x - y;
}
function multiply(x, y) {
return x * y;
}
function duplicate(x) {
return x * 2;
}
// Node.js 中的多个导出
module.exports = {
add,
subtract,
multiply,
duplicate,
};
// main.js
const myMath = require("./myMath.js");
console.log(myMath.add(6, 2)); // 8
console.log(myMath.subtract(6, 2)); // 4
console.log(myMath.multiply(6, 2)); // 12
console.log(myMath.duplicate(5)); // 10
const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const res = true;
// 异步操作。
if (res) {
resolve("已解决!");
} else {
reject(Error("错误"));
}
});
promise.then(
(res) => console.log(res),
(err) => console.error(err),
);
const executorFn = (resolve, reject) => {
resolve("已解决!");
};
const promise = new Promise(executorFn);
const loginAlert = () => {
console.log("登录");
};
setTimeout(loginAlert, 6000);
const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve("结果");
}, 200);
});
promise.then(
(res) => {
console.log(res);
},
(err) => {
console.error(err);
},
);
const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
reject(Error("Promise 无条件拒绝。"));
}, 1000);
});
promise.then((res) => {
console.log(value);
});
promise.catch((err) => {
console.error(err);
});
const promise1 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(3);
}, 300);
});
const promise2 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(2);
}, 200);
});
Promise.all([promise1, promise2]).then((res) => {
console.log(res[0]);
console.log(res[1]);
});
const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve("*");
}, 1000);
});
const twoStars = (star) => {
return star + star;
};
const oneDot = (star) => {
return star + ".";
};
const print = (val) => {
console.log(val);
};
// 将它们链接在一起
promise.then(twoStars).then(oneDot).then(print);
const executorFn = (resolve, reject) => {
console.log("Promise 的执行器函数!");
};
const promise = new Promise(executorFn);
const promise = new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(() => resolve("dAlan"), 100));
promise
.then((res) => {
return res === "Alan" ? Promise.resolve("Hey Alan!") : Promise.reject("你是谁?");
})
.then(
(res) => {
console.log(res);
},
(err) => {
console.error(err);
},
);
const mock = (success, timeout = 1000) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
if (success) {
resolve({ status: 200, data: {} });
} else {
reject({ message: "错误" });
}
}, timeout);
});
};
const someEvent = async () => {
try {
await mock(true, 1000);
} catch (e) {
console.log(e.message);
}
};
function helloWorld() {
return new Promise((resolve) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve("Hello World!");
}, 2000);
});
}
const msg = async function () {
//异步函数表达式
const msg = await helloWorld();
console.log("消息:", msg);
};
const msg1 = async () => {
//异步箭头函数
const msg = await helloWorld();
console.log("消息:", msg);
};
msg(); // 消息: Hello World! <-- 2 秒后
msg1(); // 消息: Hello World! <-- 2 秒后
let pro1 = Promise.resolve(5);
let pro2 = 44;
let pro3 = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
setTimeout(resolve, 100, "foo");
});
Promise.all([pro1, pro2, pro3]).then(function (values) {
console.log(values);
});
// 预期 => Array [5, 44, "foo"]
function helloWorld() {
return new Promise((resolve) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve("Hello World!");
}, 2000);
});
}
async function msg() {
const msg = await helloWorld();
console.log("消息:", msg);
}
msg(); // 消息: Hello World! <-- 2 秒后
let json = '{ "age": 30 }'; // 不完整的数据
try {
let user = JSON.parse(json); // <-- 没有错误
console.log(user.name); // 没有 name!
} catch (e) {
console.error("无效的 JSON 数据!");
}
function helloWorld() {
return new Promise((resolve) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve("Hello World!");
}, 2000);
});
}
async function msg() {
const msg = await helloWorld();
console.log("消息:", msg);
}
msg(); // 消息: Hello World! <-- 2 秒后
const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.open("GET", "mysite.com/getjson");
XMLHttpRequest
是一个浏览器级别的 API,它使客户端能够通过 JavaScript 编写数据传输脚本,它不是 JavaScript 语言的一部分。
const req = new XMLHttpRequest();
req.responseType = "json";
req.open("GET", "/getdata?id=65");
req.onload = () => {
console.log(xhr.response);
};
req.send();
const data = {
fish: "Salmon",
weight: "1.5 KG",
units: 5,
};
const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.open("POST", "/inventory/add");
xhr.responseType = "json";
xhr.send(JSON.stringify(data));
xhr.onload = () => {
console.log(xhr.response);
};
fetch(url, {
method: 'POST',
headers: {
'Content-type': 'application/json',
'apikey': apiKey
},
body: data
}).then(response => {
if (response.ok) {
return response.json();
}
throw new Error('请求失败!');
}, networkError => {
console.log(networkError.message)
})
}
fetch("url-that-returns-JSON") // 获取返回 JSON 的 URL
.then((response) => response.json())
.then((jsonResponse) => {
console.log(jsonResponse);
});
fetch('url')
.then(
response => {
console.log(response);
},
rejection => {
console.error(rejection.message);
);
fetch("https://api-xxx.com/endpoint", {
method: "POST",
body: JSON.stringify({ id: "200" }),
})
.then(
(response) => {
if (response.ok) {
return response.json();
}
throw new Error("请求失败!");
},
(networkError) => {
console.log(networkError.message);
},
)
.then((jsonResponse) => {
console.log(jsonResponse);
});
const getSuggestions = async () => {
const wordQuery = inputField.value;
const endpoint = `${url}${queryParams}${wordQuery}`;
try {
const response = await fetch(endpoint, { cache: "no-cache" }); // 不使用缓存
if (response.ok) {
const jsonResponse = await response.json();
}
} catch (error) {
console.log(error);
}
};